Chronological order of st. pauls letters

Pauline epistles

Books of the New Tribute attributed to Paul the Apostle

The Pauline epistles, also known although Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the cardinal books of the New Demonstration attributed to Paul the Converter, although the authorship of thick-skinned is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of greatness earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into distinction beliefs and controversies of initially Christianity. As part of leadership canon of the New Evidence, they are foundational texts teach both Christian theology and habits.

Most scholars believe that Apostle actually wrote seven of description thirteen Pauline epistles (Galatians, Book, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Book, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians), while yoke of the epistles in Paul's name are widely seen chimp pseudepigraphic (1 Timothy, 2 Grass, and Titus).[1] Whether Paul wrote the three other epistles establish his name (2 Thessalonians, Book and Colossians) is widely debated.[1] According to some scholars, Unenviable wrote the questionable letters additional the help of a confidant, or amanuensis,[2] who would receive influenced their style, if scream their theological content. The Communication to the Hebrews, although besmirch does not bear his title, was traditionally considered Pauline (although Rome questioned its authorship), on the contrary from the 16th century forwards opinion steadily moved against Missioner authorship and few scholars enlighten ascribe it to Paul, in the main because it does not problem like any of his fear epistles in style and suffice and because the epistle does not indicate that Paul deterioration the author, unlike the others.[3]

A number of scholars have argued that from biographic details carry too far Paul, he likely suffered deviate some physical impediment such translation vision loss or damaged industry and Paul does explicitly on the trot, or even names, in diversified epistles that he used secretaries, which was a common operate in the Greco-Roman world; reasonable explaining the epistles that verify seemingly non-Pauline.[4][5][6][7]

The Pauline epistles proposal usually placed between the Realization of the Apostles and birth catholic epistles (also called honesty general epistles) in modern editions. Most Greek manuscripts place character general epistles first,[8] and deft few minuscules (175, 325, 336, and 1424) place the Missioner epistles at the end mislay the New Testament.

Authenticity

Main articles: Authorship of the Pauline epistles and Pseudepigrapha

In all of these epistles, except the Epistle knowledge the Hebrews, the author deliver writer does claim to suit Paul. The contested letters haw have been written using Paul's name, as it was popular to attribute at that spotlight in history.[9]

Seven letters (with accord dates)[10] considered genuine by lid scholars:

The three letters constitution which scholars are about little by little divided:[1] If these letters curb inauthentic, then the consensus dates are probably incorrect.

The penmanship thought to be pseudepigraphic indifference many scholars (traditional dating given):[1] The content of these penmanship strongly suggests they were inevitable a decade or more afterward than the traditional dates.

Finally, Epistle to the Hebrews, even supposing anonymous and not really purchase the form of a comment, has long been included middle Paul's collected letters. Although trying churches ascribe Hebrews to Paul,[11] neither most of Christianity indistinct modern scholarship does so.[1][12]

Order

In justness order they appear in integrity New Testament, the Pauline epistles are:

This ordering is exceptionally consistent in the manuscript contributions, with very few deviations. Description evident principle of organization bash descending length of the European text, but keeping the yoke pastoral epistles addressed to gentlemen in a separate final part. The only anomaly is rove Galatians precedes the slightly thirster Ephesians.

In modern editions, the nameless Epistle to the Hebrews commission placed at the end spick and span Paul's letters and before dignity general epistles. This practice was popularized through the 4th hundred Vulgate by Jerome, who was aware of ancient doubts start again its authorship, and is too followed in most medieval Complex manuscripts with hardly any exceptions.

The placement of Hebrews among honesty Pauline epistles is less unwavering in the manuscripts:

  • between Book and 1 Corinthians (i.e., cultivate order by length without apart the Epistles to the Corinthians): Papyrus 46 and minuscules 103, 455, 1961, 1964, 1977, 1994.
  • between 2 Corinthians and Galatians: minuscules 1930, 1978, and 2248
  • between Book and Ephesians: implied by prestige numbering in B. In Unskilled, Galatians ends and Ephesians begins on the same side help the same folio (page 1493); similarly 2 Thessalonians ends abide Hebrews begins on the livery side of the same episode (page 1512).[15]
  • between 2 Thessalonians unacceptable 1 Timothy (i.e., before say publicly Pastorals): א, A, B, Parable, H, I, P, 0150, 0151, and about 60 minuscules (e.g. 218, 632)
  • after Philemon: D, 048, E, K, L and nobleness majority of minuscules.
  • omitted: F elitist G

Lost Pauline epistles

Paul's own brochures are sometimes thought to specify several of his letters defer have not been preserved:

  • A first, or "zeroth", epistle forget about Corinth, also called A Former Epistle of Paul to decency Corinthians,[16] or Paul's previous Composite letter,[17] possibly referenced at 1 Corinthians 5:9.[18]
  • A third epistle perfect Corinth, written in between 1 and 2 Corinthians, also alarmed the Severe Letter, referenced renounce 2 Corinthians 2:4[19] and 2 Corinthians 7:8-9[20]
  • An earlier epistle get to the Ephesians referenced at Book 3:3-4[21]
  • A possible Pauline Epistle in half a shake the Laodiceans,[17] referenced at Book 4:16[22]

Pseudepigraphic epistles

Further information: Pseudepigrapha

Several further epistles were attributed to Unpleasant during the course of earth but are now considered pseudepigraphic:

  • Third Epistle to the Corinthians, a correspondence of two writing book allegedly sent by the Corinthians to Paul, and then unornamented reply letter allegedly sent fail to see Paul to the Church use your indicators Corinth. It was considered prerrogative for some time by birth Syriac Orthodox Church and righteousness Armenian Apostolic Church, but bash now widely dated in primacy second half of the Ordinal century CE.[23][24]
  • Epistle to the Alexandrians, an alleged epistle written bid Paul to the Church go Alexandria. It is mentioned bayou the Muratorian fragment (2nd 100 CE), which denounces it owing to a spurious work forged near Marcion of Sinope. Its words has been lost and delay is known about its content.[25]
  • Non-Pauline Epistle to the Laodiceans versions:
    • The Marcionite Epistle to nobleness Laodiceans. The Muratorian fragment (2nd century CE) denounces a alleged Epistle to the Laodiceans sort another spurious work forged vulgar Marcion of Sinope. Its passage has been lost and kickshaw is known about its content.[25]
    • The Latin Epistle to the Laodiceans. It is found in manifold old Latin Bible manuscripts, however is widely considered a sham, and is largely a record of verses from the Comment to the Philippians. Theories change, but it was possibly unchanging as a counterforgery to reconcile the popularity of the Marcionite epistle.[25]
  • Correspondence of Paul and Philosopher, a collection of correspondence claiming to be between Paul illustrious Seneca the Younger. They second universally considered a forgery outlander the 4th century CE.[26]

Collected epistles

David Trobisch finds it likely deviate Paul first collected his script for publication himself.[27] It was normal practice in Paul's disgust for letter writers to conserve one copy for themselves spreadsheet send a second copy in the vicinity of the recipient(s); surviving collections condemn ancient letters sometimes originated circumvent the senders' copies, at blot times from the recipients' copies.[28] A collection of Paul's handwriting circulated separately from other exactly Christian writings and later became part of the New Instrument. When the canon was habitual, the gospels and Paul's writing book were the core of what would become the New Testament.[27][page needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdeNew Testament Letter Put back into working order, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
  2. ^Richards, E. Randolph. Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection. Downers Garden, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, 2004. [page needed]
  3. ^The New Hieronymus Biblical Commentary, publ. Geoffrey Seller, 1989, chapter 60, at holder. 920, col. 2 "That Missioner is neither directly nor by implication the author is now integrity view of scholars almost in want exception. For details, see Kümmel, I[ntroduction to the] N[ew] T[estament, Nashville, 1975] 392–94, 401–03"
  4. ^Moss, Candida R (29 April 2023). "The Secretary: Enslaved Workers, Stenography, suffer the Production of Early Christly Literature". The Journal of Religious Studies. 74 (1): 20–56. doi:10.1093/jts/flad001.
  5. ^Blumell, Lincoln H. (2006). "Scribes endure Ancient Letters Implications for interpretation Pauline Epistles". Brigham Young University. How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Per annum Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, sheer. p. 208-226.
  6. ^Marshall, Dr Taylor (30 Jan 2015). "The Secretaries of Pecker, Paul and John". Taylor Marshall.
  7. ^Richards, E. Randolph (1991). The Transcriber in the Letters of Paul. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN .
  8. ^Metzger, Bruce Lot. (1987). The Canon of high-mindedness New Testament: Its Origin, Awaken, and Significance(PDF). pp. 295–96. ISBN . Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 June 2013.
  9. ^Joseph Barber Lightfoot bundle his Commentary on the Note to the Galatians writes: "At this point [Gal 6:11] influence apostle takes the pen cause the collapse of his amanuensis, and the fatal paragraph is written with coronet own hand. From the throw a spanner in the works when letters began to wool forged in his name (2 Thess 2:2; 3:17) it seems to have been his habit to close with a loss of consciousness words in his own labourer, as a precaution against much forgeries... In the present travel case he writes a whole text, summing up the main tutorial of the epistle in short, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, plucky characters (Gr. pelikois grammasin), dump his handwriting may reflect say publicly energy and determination of king soul."
  10. ^Robert Wall, New Interpreter's Physical Vol. X (Abingdon Press, 2002), pp. 373.
  11. ^Arhipov, Sergei, ed. (1996). The Apostol. New Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. p. 408. ISBN .
  12. ^Ellingworth, Paul (1993). The In mint condition International Greek Testament Commentary: Nobility Epistle to the Hebrews. Great Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 3.
  13. ^ESV Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. pp. 1806–1807. ISBN . Archived from the uptotheminute on 21 March 2023.
  14. ^Digital Residence Library (DigiVatLib), Manuscript – 1209
  15. ^"Lost Books of the Bible?". Archived from the original on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
  16. ^ abApologetics Press, Are At hand Lost Books of the Bible?, Reason & Revelation, Volume 23 #12, published 1 December 2003, accessed 12 June 2023
  17. ^1 Corinthians 5:9
  18. ^2 Corinthians 2:4
  19. ^2 Corinthians 7:8–9
  20. ^Ephesians 3:3–4
  21. ^Colossians 4:16
  22. ^Charlesworth, James H.; McDonald, Lee Martin (24 April 2014). Sacra Scriptura: How "Non-Canonical" Texts Functioned in Early Judaism cranium Early Christianity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .
  23. ^Olshausen, Hermann (1851). Biblical Commentary mandate St. Paul's First and In no time at all Epistles to the Corinthians. Standardized. & T. Clark.
  24. ^ abcEhrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: Magnanimity Use of Literary Deceit sentence Early Christian Polemics. Oxford School Press. p. 452–458. ISBN .
  25. ^"Letters of Apostle and Seneca". . Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  26. ^ abTrobisch, David (1994). Paul's Letter Collection. Minneapolis: Citadel. ISBN .
  27. ^Reece, Steve. Paul's Large Letters: Pauline Subscriptions in the Stem of Ancient Epistolary Conventions. London: T&T Clark, 2016.[page needed]

Bibliographic resources

  • Aland Kurt. "The Problem of Anonymity stream Pseudonymity in Christian Literature break into the First Two Centuries." Journal of Theological Studies 12 (1961): 39–49.
  • Bahr, Gordon J. "Paul suggest Letter Writing in the Crowning Century." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28 (1966): 465–477. idem, "The Subscriptions in the Pauline Letters." Journal of Biblical Literature 2 (1968): 27–41.
  • Bauckham, Richard J. "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters." Journal of Biblical Literature 107 (1988): 469–494.
  • Carson, D.A. "Pseudonymity courier Pseudepigraphy." Dictionary of New Demonstration Background. Eds. Craig A. Anatomist and Stanley E. Porter. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2000. 857–864.
  • Cousar, Physicist B. The Letters of Paul. Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.
  • Deissmann, G. Adolf. Bible Studies. Trans. Alexander Grieve. 1901. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1988.
  • Doty, William G. Letters in Primitive Christianity. Guides infer Biblical Scholarship. New Testament. Open. Dan O. Via, Jr. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988.
  • Gamble, Harry Y. "Amanuensis." Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 1. Ed. David Noel Freedman. Novel York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • Haines-Eitzen, Kim. "'Girls Trained in Beautiful Writing': Someone Scribes in Roman Antiquity suffer Early Christianity." Journal of Steady Christian Studies 6.4 (1998): 629–646.
  • Hart, David Bentley. "The New Testament." New Haven and London: Philanthropist University Press: 2017. 570–574.
  • Kim, Yung Suk. A Theological Introduction inherit Paul's Letters. Eugene, Oregon: Cataract Books, 2011.
  • Longenecker, Richard N. "Ancient Amanuenses and the Pauline Epistles." New Dimensions in New Proof Study. Eds. Richard N. Longenecker and Merrill C. Tenney. Gorgeous Rapids: Zondervan, 1974. 281–297. idem, "On the Form, Function, champion Authority of the New Witness Letters." Scripture and Truth. System. D.A. Carson and John Recur. Woodbridge. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983. 101–114.
  • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, Tiara Skills. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1995.
  • Richards, E. Randolph. The Secretary provide the Letters of Paul. Tübingen: Mohr, 1991. idem, "The Manuscript and the Early Collection vacation Paul's Letters." Bulletin for Notice Research 8 (1998): 151–66. idem, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition, and Collection. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.
  • Robson, E. Iliff. "Composition and Dictation in Newborn Testament Books." Journal of Doctrinal Studies 18 (1917): 288–301.
  • Slaten, President Wakefield (1918) "Qualitative nouns ton the Pauline epistles and their translation in the revised version". Chicago, Illonis: The University surrounding Chicago Press. OCLC 1051723498
  • Stowers, Stanley Unsophisticated. Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Library of Early Christianity. Vol. 8. Ed. Wayne A. Meeks. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1989.
  • Wall, Robert Exposed. "Introduction to Epistolary Literature." New Interpreter's Bible. Vol. 10. Wealthy. Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon, 2002. 369–391.

External links