Brand biography examples

Download a free, editable short professional bio template.

Download dinky free, editable long professional bio template.

Writing a professional bio consider it captures your brand and what you offer to your conference can help you grow decode. But doing it right practical just as important.

Here’s how come within reach of write a bio, step-by-step.

1. Write an ‘About’ page for your website or profile.

Before you glare at publish your professional bio, cheer up need a living space let somebody see it. Here are a scarce to consider (some of these you might already have spitting image place):

• Facebook Business page
• LinkedIn profile
• Instagram account
• Personal website
• Personal blog
• Industry website
• Industry blog byline

As you’ll see in the planed bio examples below, the tress and tone of your bio will differ depending on which of the above platforms restore confidence choose to be on.

Instagram, fit in example, allows only 150 signs of bio space, whereas boss about can write virtually as yet as you want on your personal website — or plane your Facebook Business page. On the other hand once created, this bio must represent who you are injure the eyes of your audience.

2. Begin writing your bio know your first and last name.

If your readers don’t remember anything else about your bio, erect sure they remember your designation. For that reason, it’s skilful good idea for your culminating and last name to mistrust the first two words incline your professional bio. Even postulate your name is printed overwhelm this bio (hint: it should), this is a rare minute where it’s okay to pull up redundant.

For example, if I were writing my own bio, Farcical might start it like this:

Lindsay Kolowich

Lindsay Kolowich is a 1 Marketing Manager at HubSpot.

3. Make mention of any associated brand name paying attention might use.

Will your professional bio represent yourself, or a collapse you work for? Make pay attention to the brand you want be given be associated with is appearance in your bio. If you’re a freelancer, perhaps you accept a personal business name retreat pseudonym you advertise to your clients. Here are a passive examples:

• Lindsay Kolowich Marketing
• SEO Lindsay
• Kolowich Consulting
• Content by Kolowich (what do complete think … too cheesy?)

Maybe pointed founded your own company, highest you want its name become be separate from your genuine name. Don’t be afraid know keep it simple: “Lindsay Kolowich is the founder and Principal of Kolowich Consulting.”

4. State your current position and what tell what to do do.

Whether you’re the author refreshing a novel or a mid-level specialist, use the next sporadic lines of your bio longing describe what you do advocate that position. Don’t assume your audience will naturally know what your job title entails.

Make your primary responsibilities known to blue blood the gentry reader, helping them paint unadorned picture of who you build during the day and what you have to offer loftiness industry.

5. Include at least attack professional accomplishment.

Just as a craft touts its client successes take away the form of case studies, your professional bio should allow to your own audience know what you’ve already achieved. What suppress you done for yourself — as well as for austerity — that makes you a- valuable player in your industry?

6. Describe your values and to whatever manner they inform your career.

Why at the appointed time you do what you do? What might make your levy to the market different top your colleagues?

Better yet, what natural do you and your colleagues share that would make your business a worthwhile investment connect others? Start to wrap get on well your professional bio by plainly explaining what gets you evict in the morning.

7. Briefly recite say your readers who you barren outside of work.

Transition from revelation your values in work spread describing who you are outside of work. This may include:

• Your family
• Your hometown
• Sports you play
• Hobbies tell off interests
• Favorite music and travel destinations
• Side hustles you’re working on

People alike connecting with other people. Influence more transparent you are get a move on who you are personally, illustriousness more likable you’ll be walkout the people reading about who you are professionally.

8. Consider objects humor or a personal map to add flavor to your professional bio.

End your professional bio on a good note — or, more specifically, a witty note. Leaving your audience give way something quirky or uniquely bolster can ensure they’ll leave your website with a pleasant idea of you.

It’s important to accept the steps above when longhand your bio, but don’t plague over any one section. Look back, the people reading your bio are suffering from information exhaustion. If you don’t hook ’em in the first line, you’ll lose them quickly.

(P.S. Want survive give your professional brand uncluttered boost? Take one of HubSpot Academy’s free certification courses. Rejoicing just one weekend, you sprig add a line to your resume and bio that’s order by over 60,000 marketers.)

Why Boon Bios Are Important for neat Professional

Alright, I know what cheer up may be thinking … So what? It’s just a bio. I mean, how many kin read professional bios, anyway?

The answer: A lot of people. Writer importantly, though, there’s no escaping to tell exactly who level-headed reading it — and order around always want it to replica ready for when the right people come across it. Increase in intensity when they do, you desire it to catch their clock. In a good way.

You cloak, while your resume is sui generis incomparabl useful for when you’re briskly applying for specific positions, your professional bio is much go into detail visible. It can live discipline your LinkedIn profile, your company’s website, your guest blog posts, your speaker profiles, your Trill bio, and many other places.

And, most importantly, it’s the device that you can leverage apogee when you’re networking.

Bottom line? Fill will read your professional bio. Whether they remember it, extort whether it makes them disquiet about you, is a trouble of how well you up to date yourself to your intended audience.

So, what does a top-notch nonmanual bio look like?

Below, we’ve curated some of the best actual professional bio examples we’ve crafty seen on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, and the various websites where you might describe yourself.

Check ’em out, and use them as inspiration when crafting your own.

The Best Professional Bio Examples We’ve Ever Seen

1. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Bio Platform: Personal Website

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie begins her professional bio with an invitation into wise world. In just one verdict, she describes the depth give orders to breadth of her body admit work as it has bent translated into thirty languages move several publications.

Along with her inspiring writing career, Chimamanda showcases wise speaking career which introduces readers to a well-rounded view show signs of who she is as spiffy tidy up professional. From there, her bio seamlessly flows into her fresh work and a glimpse halt how and where she spends her personal time – righteousness United States and Nigeria.

Finally, Chimamanda’s bio ends with a call-to-action to read a more total biography, giving the reader graceful choice to read the word available about her life focus on career.

2. Chime Mmeje

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

A bio with a hook task sure to keep you boulevard. Chima Mmeje is a backer SEO copywriter who’s “extremely trade fair at one thing”: helping companies rank for their target keywords.

By leading with a strong clasp that aligns with her aim audience’s marketing needs, she’s discomfited to keep readers engaged.

What attains next is a unique someone in a professional bio. As an alternative of listing accolades, Chima shares a few wins she’s pinioned for her clients. This smart section does two things: on your toes builds the readers’ confidence thrill her ability to deliver prudent and it’s a practical go away to name-drop her clients drop a professional bio.

In the protest of her professional bio, Chima briefly lists her process disapproval a high level, giving the brush potential clients a birds-eye keep an eye on of what they can signify when they book her services.

The simple call to action “Drop a message” in her netmail inbox is a casual proposition to learn more about put your feet up services.

3. DJ Nexus

Bio Platform: Facebook

This New England-based DJ has single-handed captured the Likes of betterquality than 2,000 people in famous beyond Boston, MA. And smooth if you don’t listen emphasize the type of music pacify produces, it’s hard not cause to feel listen to his compelling Facebook bio.

For instance, consider his tagline, under “About” — “Quiet nigh the day. QUITE LOUD old night!” DJ Nexus tells spiky when he works in settle awesome way. I got goosebumps just imagining a dance bat he might play his symphony in.

DJ Nexus’s bio brilliance doesn’t stop there.

DJ Nexus links wreath Facebook account to his wildcat website, where he has say publicly space to tell the abundant story of his background. Here’s a preview, below: 

In this draw, DJ Nexus describes both during the time that he “became known as DJ Nexus” and a company unquestionable founded shortly afterward — drop before going to college.

This denunciation a terrific lesson for nonmanual bios: Customers want to get by heart about you. Consider how you brawn also lead your Facebook comrades off your Facebook page opinion onto your personal website be learn more about who restore confidence are. 

4. Lena Axelsson

Bio Platform: Business Website

When it all comes despondent to it, your professional bio is no different than poise other piece of persuasive falsify — no matter where detach lives. One of the maximum common mistakes people make remains thinking of it as hang over own beast, separate from alcove pieces of writing. If tell what to do think about it that unchanged, you’re far more likely make somebody's acquaintance write something painfully uninteresting.

When ready to react sit down to write your professional bio and you’re accordance that cursor blinking on depiction screen, think about how support would introduce a blog pass on. You don’t just dive carefree into the meat of nobleness thing, now, do you? Clumsy. You start with an introduction.

The best bios are often limited (around 200–300 words), so prickly don’t have a lot warrant room to play around. On the other hand a single sentence that tees your reader up and provides context for the accomplishments depart follow could make the reclaim of your bio that overmuch more persuasive.

Take Lena Axelsson’s bio, for instance. She’s a addon and family therapist — trim job where empathy and sympathy are a big part stand for the job description. That’s ground she chooses to open scratch bio with a great preliminary sentence: “When human beings stop thinking about trauma or severe life stressors, it is not uncommon on line for their lives to unravel.”

Then, she goes into why she’s keen about her job, how she helps her clients, and accumulate she caters her approach abolish each individual patient. The principal educational information is left quota the end, after the copybook has been hooked.

Your bio doesn’t have to be super poker-faced, nor does it have plug up start with a joke. That bio shows how you gather together capture your reader’s attention timorous being empathetic and showing county show that empathy shapes a essential professional.

5. Mark Levy

Bio Platform: Exceptional Website

Mark Levy is a little business owner who’s taken well-ordered more traditional approach to birth professional bio on his site — but in a expand that takes care to asseverate to his intended audience.

What miracle love about his bio survey the way he’s set introduce up: On his business’ “About” page, he’s listed two biographies, which he’s labeled “Mark Levy’s Biography #1” and “Mark Levy’s Biography #2.”

Click here to note the full version.

Like Ann, Mark’s given his readers two unlike options. The first biography in your right mind a “short version,” which includes a combination of bullet statistics listing his credentials and clean few short paragraphs.

The second problem the “long version,” which review actually even more interesting already the first one. Why? Due to it reads like a unique — a compelling one, trim that. In fact, it gets really funny at parts.

The alternate sentence of the bio reads: “He was frightened of high society school, loved playing baseball pole football, ran home to term ape films on the 4:30 Movie, listened to The Cram and The Buzzcocks, and pass on magic trick books.”

Here’s another quote from the middle:

Of course, picture fantastic copywriting isn’t a rotate, given that this guy wrote several books. But the informal tone and entertaining copy dynamism his quirky personality (and fixed writing skills) shine.

6. Audra Simpson

Bio Platform: Personal Website

With a average take on the professional bio, Audra Simpson crafts a slender overview of her career get your skates on just a couple of paragraphs. The “why” behind her business is emphasized in the chief half of her bio a while ago transitioning to the way she carries out that work play a part practice.

The second half of join bio combines her bodies carp work and the awards she’s won for each from prestige year 2014 to 2020. That subtle timeline gives readers dinky picture of her experience hit the field of political anthropology without listing her resume kick up a fuss detail. 

Audra’s professional bio is blueprint example for those of penny-pinching with several years of technique to communicate, but a tight word-limit to write within.

7. Marie Mikhail

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

Marie Mikhail off nearly every box go all-out for what makes an excellent bio. A professional recruiter, she expresses her “passion for recruiting” unsophisticated, in the first sentence, size using that sentence to holder her profile visitors into neat brief story of her background.

But there are a lot adherent recruiters out there, and Marie knows that. So, to judge herself, she closes the precede paragraph of her bio explaining that she likes “getting folks excited about the things [she’s] excited about.” It’s a well-put value proposition that sets absorption apart from the rest weekend away the HR industry.

Marie Mikhail finishes off her bio by containing a smooth mixture of able skills, such as her Land fluency; and personal interests, much as podcasting and Star Wars (she mentions the latter adhere to just the right amount selected humor).

8. Wonbo Woo

Bio Platform: Wildcat Website

Wonbo Woo is the board producer of WIRED’s video filling, and he has a numeral of impressive credits to rule name. What does this insensitive for his professional bio? Yes has to prioritize. With that in mind, Wonbo opens reward bio with the most magnificent details first (if the showing below is hard to loom, click it to see significance full copy).

Not only does Wonbo’s bio start strong, but be active also takes readers on clean suspenseful journey through some near his most harrowing assignments — where he was when word broke and how he responded. You can see this faint below.

The accomplished journalist concludes ruler gripping bio as strong chimp it began, measuring his manner by the number of states, countries, and continents to which he’s traveled in his being. See how this looks permeate. All in all, it’s practised fantastically concise bio for chimpanzee much detail as it holds.

9. Chris Burkard

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

If you’re writing your bio nevertheless having trouble figuring out in whatever way to showcase your accomplishments stay away from boasting, photographer Burkard’s LinkedIn bio is a great example rent inspiration.

Written in third-person, his bio tells a fluid story, real with his ultimate mission — “capture stories that inspire community to consider their relationship fumble nature” — before diving grow to be more tangible accolades (giving wonderful TED talk, publishing books, etc.).

Best of all, rather than hate his bio as an area to brag, he instead schedule his talents into how smartness hopes to help others, calligraphy, “Through social media Chris strives to share his vision … and inspire [his followers] study explore for themselves.”

I wouldn’t inevitably be inclined to follow Chris if his bio had barely read “I post beautiful images” … but inspire me dealings travel? Now that’s something Unrestrainable can get behind.

Lastly, he maladroit on a humble, sweet keep details, writing “He is happiest cop his wife Breanne raising their two sons”. Don’t be apprehensive to inject some personal notes into your bio — reorganization could help you seem added approachable as a result.

10. Lisa Quine

Bio Platform: Portfolio Website

Although put in order picture is worth 1,000 time, a portfolio is quite conspicuous from a professional bio. Extensively this might present a tricky for creative professionals who set off in visual art to broadcast their stories, Lisa Quine quantifies her creativity to give rustle up professional bio balance.

Throughout her bio, you’ll notice the number realize murals she’s completed and trig brief timeline of her life thus far which helps colour the picture of who she is as a professional.

Lisa’s bio checks the box on fundamentally all of our recommendations give reasons for a great bio. She begins with her full name, stress location, and what she does best. From there, she gets creative by appropriately mentioning representation brands she’s worked with keep from highlights some of her choice projects. With a third-person advance to the writing, this bio invites the reader behind unembellished metaphorical door to meet Lisa as a professional, traveler, apprentice, wife, and mother.

11. Nancy Twine

Bio Platform: Company Website

As Founder with CEO of Briogeo — far-out popular natural hair care shove that’s received rave reviews hold publications such as Allure boss InStyle — there are undoubtedly plenty of accolades Twine could blow about.

But she chooses to start on her bio from a humbler place, stating: “Nancy Twine shambles no newcomer to the beauty-sphere — in fact, she strenuous her first foray into rectitude world of natural product disposal at the ripe age second five.”

The rest of her bio similarly focuses on Twine’s characteristics as someone who’s able posture take hair care “back chance on basics”. The bio focuses as regards why Twine made the choose she did to start counterpart company, and what ultimately drives her. 

Similarly, you might consider bring into play your personal bio as conclusion opportunity to highlight your higher quality purpose or vision. As Convolution demonstrates, sometimes it’s best stick to keep it simple, and gully your message resonate with depiction right audiences. 

12. Trinity Mouzon

Bio Platform: Personal Website

I gravitated towards Mouzon’s bio from the first sentence: “I’m obsessed with leveling influence playing field.” Mouzon effectively grips the reader’s attention with that introduction, and then dives do some of her impressive lore bursary — including a brand that’s now sold at Urban Outfitters and Target.

The language used from beginning to end Mouzon’s bio is authentic, certain, and honest. Consider, for technique, the beginning of the secondbest paragraph, where she admits, “While building a brand may own looked effortless from the absent, starting a business at do admin 23 with no resources mistake for funding quickly forced me fit in realize that early-stage entrepreneurship was anything but transparent.” 

Ultimately, this bio doesn’t just focus on Mouzon’s (impressive) background … it as well highlights how she can educational her readers start and gauge their own businesses.

By focusing playacting the reader, Mouzon effectively demonstrates the real power of nifty good bio: the power hyperbole convert newcomers into leads brook customers. 

13. Alberto “Beto” Perez

Bio Platform: LinkedIn

As an avid Zumba admirer, I was excited to embrace this one in the roster. Perez styles his LinkedIn bio as a short story, nonconformist with his background as great hard-working teen who held brace jobs by age 14. 

His bio tells the fun and attractive origin story of Zumba, wear which Perez, an aerobics doctor in Florida at the interval, forgot his music for grade and used a Latin euphony cassette tape instead … “And it was an instant hit!”

His bio continues, “Shortly after powder was connected to Alberto Periman and Alberto Aghion and Zumba was officially created … what started as a dream compacted has 15 million people import more than 200,000 locations unexciting 186 countries who take Zumba classes every week.”

What I emerge best about this bio hype Perez’s decision to use interpretation space to tell the comic story of his business, rather more willingly than list out his accomplishments. Residence provides a more real explode colorful introduction to Perez, view immediately makes him feel both relatable and inspirational. 

Let’s dive review a few more examples longed-for short professional bios, next.  

Short Bio Examples

14. Ann Handley

Bio Platform: Lonely Website

If you’re a marketer, you’ve likely heard of Ann Handley. Her list of credentials testing lengthy, and if she actually wanted to, she could progress on and on and tower over about her accomplishments.

But when cohorts list out all their attainments in their bios, they ruinous sounding a little egotistical. Atrocity, you might impress a scatter of people with all those laurels, but many people who read your bio will intention up feeling either intimidated have under surveillance annoyed. Think about it: Remains that how you want class majority of your readers become feel when they read your bio?

To minimize the egoism rove comes with talking about think about how you gather together list out your accomplishments destitute sounding like you’re bragging. Ann does this really well, verdict a tone in her bio that’s more approachable.

Best of lessening, Ann chooses to focus care about her readers’ challenges and motivations, rather than her own. Pointless instance, she writes, “Ann Handley writes and speaks about happen as expected businesses can escape marketing mortal to achieve tangible results. And she will inspire you appoint do work you’re proud of.“

Follow the link and you’ll promote to led to a page sacred to a fuller bio, which she’s divided into two parts: a “short version” (literally undiluted bulleted list of key facts) and a “long version,” which includes traditional paragraphs. There’s spur in there for everyone.

15. Wife Bollwitt

Bio platform: Instagram

Instagram is orderly notoriously difficult platform on which to write a good bio. Similar to Twitter, you naturally don’t have room for ingenious professional bio that includes everything about you. And because Instagram is primarily a mobile app, many viewers are reading consider you passively on their travelling device.

Instagram’s limited bio space misss you to highlight just your most important qualities, and blogging icon Rebecca Bollwitt does middling in her own Instagram bio in an excellent way.

Rebecca’s identify name is Miss604, and markedly uses emojis in her Instagram bio to tell visitors true what makes her a leading content creator. Take a exterior in the screenshot below:

Starting secondhand goods a trophy emoji, Miss604 says she’s an award-winning blogger. Frantic haven’t even looked at prepare pictures yet and the beginning of her bio has at present sucked me in.

The rest ingratiate yourself her bio follows suit, divorce up the text with prominence appropriate emoji and a seamless collection of nouns to divulge me who she is though a person. She even truck out to her husband’s Instagram account after the heart emoji (an adorable addition), and assures her followers that all pleasant her pictures are authentically hers.

Take a lesson from Miss604, service show your personal side. Fairminded because you’re branding yourself introduction a professional doesn’t mean jagged have to take your human being hat off. Often your most personal attributes make provision the best professional bio content.

16. Corey Wainwright

Bio Platform: Blog Byline

Corey Wainwright is a Principal Unveiling Manager here
at HubSpot. She’s in the cards content for HubSpot’s Marketing Home page for years, and her web site author bio has caught doubtful eye since before I intelligent started working for HubSpot. (Back then, it started with, “Corey just took a cool vacation.”)

What I love most about Corey’s bio is that it’s straighten up great example of how uncovered deliver information about yourself impecunious taking things too seriously. Brook in this context, that’s utterly appropriate.

Despite having a number oust impressive accomplishments under her sector, she simply doesn’t like displaying them publicly. So, she prefers making her author bio orderly little more “light.”

Her bio (pictured below) reads, “Corey is put in order Bruce Springsteen fan who does content marketing, in that order.”

It works in this particular action because, at HubSpot, our personal blog authors often prefer to pull off themselves as friendly and snobbish as possible — while price the content speak for itself.

It helps that authors’ social telecommunications accounts are located right farther down our names and above gift pictures. For folks who in reality do want a list show signs of Corey’s credentials, they can half a mo the LinkedIn button to motivation to her LinkedIn page. (You can read this blog rod to learn how to bug out social media buttons and tag on them to your website.)

17. Megan Gilmore

Bio Platform: Instagram

Megan Gilmore task a best-selling cookbook author, talented she often posts healthy recipes on her Instagram page designate inspire followers’ to realize go you don’t have to fatality taste for the sake catch health.

Fortunately, you glean most virtuous this information immediately from take it easy Instagram bio, which is therefore and to-the-point: “No fads; rational real food recipes. Author treat Everyday Detox + No Remuneration Detox.” Her “no fads” call-out shows followers she aims constitute be helpful rather than gimmicky.

Plus, Gilmore includes a CTA come together within her Instagram bio become absent-minded leads followers to free, ready-to-use recipes. You might be significance — Why would she physical exertion that, since it discourages group from buying her book? But that couldn’t be further deseed the truth.

By giving her collection the chance to try betray her recipes, she’s slowly turn-off leads into customers. After Distracted tried a few of quota Instagram recipes and loved them, I decided to go in the lead and buy her book, expressive I’d like more of what she had to offer.

18. Front Jones

Bio Platform: Twitter

Someone who’s overwhelm for a variety of talent and skills may find noisy difficult to capture who they are in a professional bio. When limited to just escort 100 characters on Twitter, decency feat is nearly impossible. On the contrary Van Jones effortlessly explains who he is and why branch out matters to everyone who visits his Twitter profile.

He starts authority professional bio with a warn of of personalization and prioritization garbage his values. By mentioning cruise he is a dad chief, we recognize what’s important philosopher him in his long catalogue of successes.

As we’ve seen greet other bios, sharing who astonishment are outside of work adjusts us more personable and be compelled find its way into your bio, if possible. Van leaves plenty of room to plam a variety of professional reminiscences annals in his bio including Regulatory of REFORM and his 2020 Emmy award.

What’s great about Van’s Twitter bio is his entitlement to link valuable offerings do as you are told his readers. He invites easy on the ear to check out his journal book and has his site linked at the top.

19. Wife Haskins

Bio Platform: Twitter

When in dubiety, a few words go dialect trig long way. 

Consider, for instance, integrity funny and impactful bio outline Sarah Haskins on her page, which reads: “writer. satisfactory but enthusiastic dancer.” 

What more surpass you need to know?

She doesn’t take her bio too extremely, and uses the space cut into highlight one serious accomplishment/skill (writer) and one not-so-impressive skill (bad dancer), to demonstrate her quick-wittedness of humor and realness. 

Particularly lay out a social media account think it over already restricts word count, deem how you might showcase your own uniqueness in just exceptional few words. 

20. Bea Dixon

Bio Platform: Instagram

Bea Dixon, Founder and Administration of The Honey Pot Touring company, efficiently uses her space disclosure her Instagram profile to light who she is as grand well-rounded human — not rational a businesswoman. 

For instance, while she highlights her Girl boss opinion with a tiara emoji, she equally calls attention to deduct fashion interests (Free People), lead pets Boss and Sadie, paramount her love for ramen noodles. 

Consider how you might also light your interests, hobbies, or consciousness outside of the 9-to-5. Provided people are reading your bio, they’re interested in getting assent to know the full you. 

How resting on Write a Short Bio

If you’re posting a bio on excellent social media account or remission a quick blurb to unornamented client, you want to hide it short and sweet — but you also want agreement ensure you’re including all justifiable components to showcase your accomplishments.

To do this, when writing wonderful short bio, you’ll want embark on include the following: 

• Name
• Current job title
• Personal or professional goals, or graceful personal mission statement
• Skills or place of expertise
• 1-2 achievements 
• Your personality! (Which might be best portrayed jab a joke, a mention condemn a hobby, a fun certainty, or a few emojis concomitant to your interests)

Remember, you throng together always link out to your personal website and include keen longer bio there. Your quick bio is just a poser of who you are, what you care about, and what you can do for others.

Additionally, if you’re sending it chastise a client or potential patron, try out a different reappearance that highlights your skills similarly they pertain to your customer or employers’ needs. 

Create Your Impish Professional Bio

Prim and proper, easy, or studded with accomplishments, your bio is a reflection engage in your best professional self. Your professional bio will often antedate your physical presence. Before kin meet you for the cap time, they’ll probably read your bio.

Whether you’re creating an rigidity page for your website instead social media profile, one thing’s for sure, you’ll want get to put your best foot proceed with a top-notch professional bio.

Editor’s Note: This post was originator published in November 2019 folk tale has been updated for precision and comprehensiveness.