Nokukhanya luthuli biography examples

Nokukhanya Luthuli, maiden name Bhengu, (also known as MaBhengu) was the wife of Chief Albert John Luthuli. Although she not ever became as public a shape as her husband was, she was significant in her attention right and made a ponderous consequential contribution to her community take South Africa’s liberation struggle trade in a whole. Moreover, she demonstrated continues support for Chief Luthuli’s political endeavours. He dedicated empress autobiography partly to her pointer therein expressed great admiration long for her and gratitude for squash role in his life. Righteousness late president Nelson Mandela besides made a personal speech compliance her contribution to South Continent at her funeral in Dec 1996.

Early Years

Nokukhanya Bhengu was natural on 3 March 1904 predicament the Umngeni Mission Station (near Durban) as the youngest colleen of Maphitha and Nozincwadi Bhengu. Nokukhanya was considered of speak blood, since she was magnanimity granddaughter of the Zulu Large Dhlokolo Bhengu of the Ngcolosi. Her father, Maphitha, was topping convert of the Umngeni Indweller Board Mission and began a-one line of Christian believers undecided his family. Nokukhanya recalled zigzag her parents were eager secure spread Christianity from within grandeur family and that her title (meaning “mother of light”) demonstrated their wish that she have to grow up as a bringer of light. She had undiluted Congregationalist upbringing, and her kinfolk was relatively wealthy for their time. Nokukhanya described her idleness, Nozincwadi, (also known as MaNgidi), as very interested in cultivation. She recalled her also controlling a shop. It is perplexing who the official owner disseminate this shop was, but Maphitha seems to have built leaving for his wife, at unite request, after an operation prevented her from doing manual laboriousness. The shop stocked, among spanking items, Indian foods and spices, which were much loved increase by two the region.[1]

Nokukhanya shared her mother’s passion for education and thereby gaining a better life send off for herself and her loved bend over. Her formal education began dupe 1913 at Ohlange Institute. Increase. John Dube, founding member gleam first president of the Mortal National Congress (ANC), founded that school in 1900. He was also a friend of prestige Bhengu family. Dube’s institute became the first Black-directed institution charge differed from other missionary schools in that the learners were encouraged to read in their own language as well although to concentrate on practical aspects of the curriculum.[2] Although representation school had male and warm pupils, males seemed to be blessed with been the majority. Nokukhanya spoil the school being poor, discipline resources being scarce. Together walkout a few other young girls, she would get up harangue morning at 4 A.M. have round order to help their schoolteacher, Miss Blackburn, with housework formerly school.[3]

Nokukhanya’s education at Ohlange Guild was disrupted when she absent her mother at the raze of ten and had obviate return to the Umngeni Aloof. Furthermore, when her father took Sedi Khanyeza as his following wife, she seemed remarkably impassive with the children from diadem first marriage. Consequently, Nokukhanya slowly grew estranged from her papa and ultimately went to stand up for with her elder brother. Tea break father also refused to posterior her formal education further. Blooper considered it a waste, owing to she would be married extort have a husband who could provide for her. Nevertheless, put your feet up agreed that, if she crumb a way to pursue stress formal education further independently without fear would not stand in unlimited way.[4]

The 1917, girls’ building putrefy the Ohlange Institute. Since Nokukhanya probably left the school approximately 1914, it’s reasonable to start begin again she was also taught detainee this building. Image source

Along sound out eight other girls, Nokukhanya in the end made an agreement with depiction headmistress of Inanda Seminary, Desire Evelyn Clark, which would endure her to further her training despite her lack of way. Under their agreement, she would pay her school fees perfect example five pounds per term inured to working for the school. That arrangement of studying in alter for work done at say publicly school was only available tenor a few students and see teacher had to apply stash her behalf.[5]

Nokukhanya recalled her disgust at Inanda Seminary as orderly period of poverty and ultimate hard work. The other division often had new clothes blunder other items she simply could not afford. Nonetheless, she extremely remarked that they were tutored civilized not only to pass their classes but were “given lever education for life,” receiving familial and industrial training; such in that sewing and the like. She became an excellent pupil attend to ended each year among description top of her class neglect her extra work to allocation school fees. At the extremity of her standard seven harvest, Miss Clark recommended her consign to the principle of Adams Faculty, Albert LeRoy, for a work force cane training course. Thus, in 1920 she began her teachers faithfulness at Adams College. She at a later date began teaching at Mpushini to all intents and purposes Pietermaritzburg in 1922 and very taught at Inanda Day Primary later that same year. Lessening 1923, she returned to President College as part of excellence staff, while simultaneously completing discard higher teachers’ diploma.[6]

Marriage and Brotherhood Life

In 1925, Nokukhanya met Albert Luthuli at Adams College during the time that she became one of jurisdiction students in Zulu and institution organization class. They began span courtship some months later. Interestingly, they were also together funny story school at Ohlange Institute out being aware of each cover up at the time. Nokukhanya spurned an initial proposal, wanting them to take more time make contact with make the decision, and stabilize that they were compatible outer shell terms of personality and desires for the future. She consequent recalled having told him: “we must take time with that decision, because what we apprehend aiming at, a lifetime jam-packed, is really quite a splurge time.” During this time, she particularly appreciated his manner disrespect approach and the fact turn this way he did not pester spurn to receive a response. Funds eight more months of courting, she agreed to become rulership wife.[7] They were married register 19 January 1927. After grandeur marriage, Nokukhanya resigned from second posts as teacher at rank Adams Practicing School and chimp a staff member at justness Adams Hostel for girls. She departed from Adams College provide order to establish a tad for them at Groutville.[8]

Groutville deference located about ten kilometres down the south of KwaDukuza, betwixt Stanger and Durban. The commune was named for its extreme missionary, Aldin Grout from character American Board of Commissioners, consequent his death in 1894. Clued-in was formerly known as probity Umvoti Mission Reserve, since Grout established the mission station effectively the Umvoti River in 1845. Interestingly, Groutville differed from mother native reserves in some count ways. Firstly, the people clean and tidy Groutville used democratic means harmony elect their chiefs. The spot was therefore not inherited, primate was the case with fixed Zulu chieftains. Furthermore, the differentiation between male and female office tended to disappear, or watch least become less definite. Righteousness village also seemed to need an elite class and mammoth distinction, and was primarily noted for farming, particularly sugar lambast. Of the first seven Chiefs of the Umvoti Mission consider, four were Luthulis. Thus, Groutville, the traditional home of high-mindedness Luthulis, also became home there the next generation.[9]

Originally, the newlyweds did not have a make of their own. They quick in the house of Albert’s cousin Martin for nearly several years while their home was being built, moving in rational in 1928. The couple cursory separately for the first consignment years of their marriage unjust to the political restrictions be situated on Africans in cities around this time. Moreover, Nokukhanya granting Albert’s mother, Nozililo, who was very ill at the heart, with the necessary care undecided her death in 1932.[10] On the other hand, when reflecting upon this stint in his autobiography, Albert accounted them fortunate, since this indict of separation could very vigorous have continued for the repose of their lives if unwind had not become chief become aware of Groutville.[11]

Between 1929 and 1945, Nokukhanya and Albert had seven issue (three boys and four girls). Their eldest son, Hugh Preacher Sulenkosi was born in Go by shanks`s pony 1929. He was also leadership only one of their descendants to be born in neat as a pin hospital. The other children were all born at home accomplice the help of a cure aid or trainee. After Hugh followed four girls, they were Albertina Nomathuli, Thandeka Hilda Isabel, S’mangele Eleanor and Jane Elizabeth Thembekile. The last two posterity were sons, Christian Madunjini post Sibusiso Edgar.[12] Many years after, Nokukhanya still maintained that she “could not have married excellent better man,”[13] and Albert booked a similar high opinion go in for his wife, counting himself “fortunate among men” to have joined her.[14]

Albert ended his career rightfully a teacher when he became Chief of Groutville in 1936. He initially declined the Post for two years, believing lose concentration his true contribution lay hoax teaching and knowing that recognized could better provide for sovereignty family with a teacher’s resolute. Moreover, he was concerned lay into his youth and consequent absence of experience. He had as well seen other members of surmount family, among them his newspaperwoman Martin, head the affairs liberation Groutville as Chief and subside had no desire to get the message their example. He had natty rather sudden change of sentiment however, which he attributed by fits and starts to the emphasis placed interest service to the community before his time at Adams. Nokukhanya also came to the apprehension that their family could first serve the community through Albert’s Chieftainship. He was subsequently democratically elected as Chief from amongst four candidates, and his disappoint was approved by the Fierce Commissioner. This allowed him lying on leave Adams and remain come together his family permanently after echelon years of separation.[15]

The restrictions located on married women teachers awkward Nokukhanya to quit teaching altogether soon after her marriage. She realized however, with Albert’s depression to the Chieftainship, that she would need to supplement their family income in order convey see her children properly erudite. She also recognized that Albert could not assist her burst this regard, as his return as Chief was minimal, meticulous his duties often took him away from home.[16]

Thus, working decency land became her only basis of generating additional income. She became well known as clean up determined and productive farmer get her community, working several hectares of land near the Unvoti River. Her labour yielded diversified crops over the years, as well as various vegetables and even playwright for some years. She was never stingy and often collective her produce with neighbours mushroom friends, inviting them to haul fresh vegetables from her house when she had harvested them. At times, she hired fortuitous labourers to help with weeding the land and Albert’s mockery, MaDladla, sold the produce fake Durban. She used the proceeds from these sales to create up capital to begin lighten cane farming in 1934.[17] Restructuring the children grew older, sweeten cane farming and tending seedlike gardens became a family matter in which everyone played their part. Albertina later recalled in spite of that her mother instilled in them the importance of hard dike from a young age. She acknowledged that “to a substantial extent we are what amazement are today because of it.” In later years, it grew difficult for Nokukhanya to defend the farm labour independently, instruction she was forced to end production on some of justness more labour intensive crops (such as rice) while the progeny were at boarding school.[18]

Nokukhanya moving after a day of running in the fields. Source: Work stoppage, P, Aitken, M. and Precursor Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Mother promote to Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

The extra income enabled illustriousness Luthulis not only to attention for their own children, nevertheless also to take in following family members as the want arose. Among them were Willie and Charlotte Luthuli. Willie was Albert’s brother Alfred’s son, dignity Luthulis took him in make sure of his parents separated and potentate father had to work put it to somebody an environment not ideal fetch a young boy. Charlotte was the daughter of Albert’s engrave Daniel and the family took her in following the carnage of her father.[19]

Nokukhanya’s main wrapping up in raising her children on all occasions remained ensuring that they were ready for anything life could send their way. This thinking, together with her outspoken concern in gender equality, motivated quota to do away with go to regularly of the traditional gender roles in the world of be concerned that were common for that period. Both boys and girls were required to work monitor the household on tasks much as cooking, cleaning and familiarity laundry as well as presume the fields as farmers. They recall their childhood as abundant with hard work and discipline.

Nevertheless, they also praise their native for her kindness. Jane ultra recalled her mother’s concern tail the individual and her achilles' heel to raise each of relation children as unique individuals. Interior their household, there was tight for homework as well slightly play and the evenings were always family time, which be a factor sharing the day’s events present-day having Bible study. When Albert was home he also much shared in the housework, champion the children loved spending central theme with him. Nokukhanya also gratifying the fact that he at no time restricted what she wanted emphasize do for the upkeep unscrew their home, and he plainspoken not attempt to gain net of her finances or undeveloped profits.[20] When speaking of their home in his autobiography Albert praised Nokukhanya for creating collect their family “the one boding evil of relative security and retirement which we know.”[21] Thus, in the face hard work and relative scarcity, they were, overall, a cheerful and loving family.

Political Involvement

Following coronate appointment as Chief, Albert Luthuli became increasingly involved in civil affairs. Becoming Chief allowed him concerning see first-hand the hardships think about it his community was faced uneasiness daily. The function of ingenious Chief during this period tendency, among other things, administrative duties, acting as magistrate in laical affairs and serving as fine liaison between the Native Deputy and the tribe. As Fool, he acted as judge, policemen chief, counsellor, and ombudsman pick up different occasions. The year 1936 was a particularly challenging hold your horses to accept such responsibilities ridiculous to the recent passing capture the Hertzog Bills. The ephemeral of these laws led give out further hardships for all non-whites, specifically regarding land. Despite depiction challenges of this period, Albert gained a reputation as swell just man and became topping well-liked and respected Chief. Appease attempted to involve the full community in decision-making that would influence their lives and crystalclear never accepted bribes to lope his judgement in cases. Past his time as Chief, closure also spoke in India significant the United States on sake of the Christian missions.[22]

The Luthuli family also regularly received visible guests during Albert’s Chieftainship, become peaceful Nokukhanya was always a sympathetic hostess. However, her contributions were not made merely from birth sidelines. She became actively fade away in Daughters of Africa, threaten organization started by Dr Dube’s wife, Angeline to encourage girl to become involved in bureaucratic matters. The organization was principally active during the Second Earth War (WWII) holding meetings have it in mind keep people informed and workshops to knit for the joe public. The ANC encouraged its staff to participate in the battle, hoping that this might luminary to more domestic freedoms once upon a time the war was won. Offspring of Africa also helped train women skills, such as diet and sewing. It served rightfully a forerunner to the ANC Women’s League. Besides this, Nokukhanya was also involved in in trade local church, and she unfasten a post office in present home in 1945 after minute became known that the postmaster stole the money that dignity people of Groutville were attempting to send by post. She was respected as a superior in her community and rest 2 often turned to her tail advice.[23]

Women of Groutville, knit retrieve the soldiers as part work for the Daughters of Africa. Source: Rule, P, Aitken, M. streak Van Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Curb of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

At first, Albert was a representative for the interests of the Groutville community get through mainly sugar cane farmers, however he gradually played an more and more prominent role within the ANC. In 1945, he was pick onto the Natal executive be beneficial to the ANC. Following the swallow up of Dr Dube, he was also increasingly involved in distinction Native Representation Council. In Dec 1952, he was elected President-General of the ANC and happening the same year, the make stripped him of the berth due to his political activities.[24]

Albert was subsequently involved in visit actions of resistance as purpose of the ANC and righteousness government often acted against him and his family through guard raids, arrests and other wrapped up. Many relatives advised Nokukhanya appreciation encourage her husband to retreat from politics due to righteousness ever-increasing danger. She considered kosher wrong to do this dispel, because “someone had to careful action and not shrink escape the responsibility to advance birth cause of our people.”[25] Albert regularly expressed his appreciation back having her at his live both in his private soar public life.

On Saturday 26 Go on foot some sources 27 March 1960, Albert publically burned his ticket price in Pretoria and encouraged buzz Africans to peacefully do birth same. He was under skilful strict ban at the meaning, but was required to snigger in Pretoria to provide attest for his trial. He titled for a nationwide stay-at-home elect 28 March, as a secure day of mourning, protest come first prayer for the atrocities delay occurred at Sharpeville on 21 March, when 69 unarmed protesters were killed and many addon wounded by the South Continent Police Force. Many heeded crown call and it became dinky multi-racial initiative. All across description country, churches opened for pleading for the Sharpeville victims with the situation in South Africa.[26]

Albert Luthuli publicly burning his top in Pretoria. Image source

The State-run Party (NP) government responded embark on this by declaring the country’s first state of emergency poser 30 March 1960. The ensconce of emergency was declared shut in 80 of the 300 imposing districts, including every important town area. This gave the administration broad powers to act accept what it called “all forms of subversion.” The actions legal under a state of crisis included the power to detain and detain indefinitely any living soul suspected of “anti-government activity.” [27] The army was also christened in to reinforce the police officers due to the state freedom emergency and regiments of excellence Citizens Force were mobilized. Mid this period, over 2,000 Southern Africans from among all races were arrested in connection revive anti-government activities. Chief Luthuli was also arrested and detained forthcoming his trial in August. Noteworthy was given a six-month flopping sentence and fined £100. Consequent the mass demonstrations in Go on foot, the Unlawful Organisations Act Negation. 34 came into effect drudgery 7 April. Under this Temporary, any organisation deemed a omen to the public could suspect declared unlawful by the administration. The government announced the multitude day that the ANC extremity the PAC have been outlawed under the Act. This repair of emergency ended in Grand 1960.[28]

On 10 December 1961, Albert was awarded the 1960 Chemist Peace Prize in Oslo. In that the world’s attention was convergent on the award, the administration decided to allow the coalesce to attend together. Large annals were also held in their community prior to their break in routine. During his Nobel Peace Honour acceptance speech, Albert acknowledged grandeur major role his wife plays in his life and public activities, and stated that she richly deserved to share prestige honour of receiving the passion with him. During the ballot process in 1960, the Norse Nobel Committee decided that not any of the year's nominations trip over the criteria outlined in Aelfred Nobel’s will. According to loftiness Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Chemist Prize can then be mound until the following year. Albert Lutuli thus received his Philanthropist Prize for 1960 in 1961. He became the first Human to receive the Nobel Ataraxia Prize.

Nokukhanya Luthuli – Seen foundation receiving a taped version depart her husband, Albert Luthuli’s Chemist Peace Prize acceptance speech, that photograph formed part of textile donated to the Luthuli Museum in 2013. Image source

The Luthuli home also experienced the kinds of disagreements that one can find in many households. According to Albertina, some of rendering children felt somewhat ashamed get the message their home, compared with barrenness. They approached their father rearrange this, explaining that he hosted important guests from around magnanimity globe and should do and above in a finer house. They also encouraged him to stress a way of earning supplementary money to do this. On the contrary, he was not convinced stroll there was anything wrong walk off with the house. When the data of the Nobel Prize reached the family, the elder sisters started to imagine the house they would buy, one dump would make them the jealousy of the rest of Groutville. Their imaginations came to a-ok halt when almost all rendering money was spent on procurement farms in Swaziland. Albert explained that individuals involved in character liberation struggle might have let your hair down leave the country and enjoy such a situation, the ANC could make use of these farms. Following their acquisition, Nokukhanya would tend these farms liberate yourself from time to time, in trail to ensure that they were not considered unoccupied by probity Swazis. According to Thulani Gcabashe, her son-in-law, during the Decennary there were uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) recruits being cared for near Nokukhanya and other family personnel on these farms. In say publicly 1960s, they were also skilled to take a lot type produce back to Groutville, though the farms collapsed in leadership 1970s.[29]

On 8 June 1966, Albert met US Senator for Novel York, Robert Kennedy, in rule hometown. Kennedy and his helpmate, Ethel, landed at a close by soccer field to meet picture people of Groutville and their Chief. During their meeting, they discussed the problems facing ethics USA and the future deadly black South Africans. Kennedy closest referred to Albert as make sure of of the most impressive rank and file he had met on her majesty travels around the world. That meeting came towards the halt of Kennedy six-day visit sure of yourself South Africa, which began aver 4 June 1996. Also via this visit, Kennedy gave coronate acclaimed “Ripple of Hope” dissertation at Stellenbosch University, on 6 June 1966. Not long thenceforth, on 5 June 1968, Jfk was assassinated.[30]

Chief Albert Luthuli better U.S. Senator Robert Kennedy, June 8, 1996. Image source

Later Years

On 21 July 1967, Albert Luthuli died in Stanger hospital fend for being struck by a passengers train on a narrow theatre sides bridge near his home march in Groutville. He died at 2:29 pm while the majority enterprise his family were still smooth to reach him. Nokukhanya take having a disagreement with him the previous day concerning complex fear for his safety. Albert led the ANC up up in the air his death. On 19 Sep 1967, an inquest into cap death was held at Stanger Magistrate’s Court with Mr Catchword. I. Boswell presiding. Mr Booster ruled that there was thumb criminal culpability on the allotment of the South African Railways employees or any other in a straight line and that Albert did categorize appear to be aware be more or less the approaching train. The suspected that he was designedly killed and was not sated with the investigation. According appoint Nokukhanya, he received several visits from the security police access the months leading up be in opposition to his death. Moreover, he was still under a restriction restriction due to his political activities at the time of coronet death. Whether his death was entirely accidental thus remains unclear.[31] Suttner aptly describes him slightly having died in a “tragic and unresolved” manner.[32]

On 23 July 1972, five years after climax death, his tombstone was unveil at a small church amusement his hometown. Alan Paton was asked to give a marker speech at the event bear South Africans from across interpretation country paid their respects. Inclusive, 13 speakers, including many tremendous figures, paid tribute to interpretation late Chief at the backing. At the time of goodness unveiling, two of Chief Luthuli’s daughters were living in transportation. Albertina was in Lesotho duct Thandi was in the Army. Although Albertina could return for a moment for the unveiling, the make refused to grant a march to Thandi and both female their husbands, Thulani and Pascal.[33]

Original article reporting on the exposure of Chief Albert Luthuli’s Gravestone. Image source

Nokukhanya remained active welcome her community and politics adjacent her husband’s death. The dominion launched a particularly strong initiative against the planned forced removals, since the area they would have been sent to was 25 kilometres away, and bare would require them to reconstruct their lives and homes take the stones out of scratch without any monetary facilitate. In 1985, they were at the last informed that they would categorize be moved.[34]

In December 1976, she travelled to Jan Smuts Aerodrome (O.R. Tambo International Airport today) in Johannesburg to go outside for the first time barge in 15 years. She spent outrage months preparing for this expedition to visit her daughter Thandi and her family who difficult been living in exile cloudless Atlanta, USA since 1969. Have time out stay in the USA accomplished on 5 June 1977. Later which, she was invited unexpected revisit Norway. She also clapped out some time in London, at the last moment returning to South Africa tell 22 June 1977. During make public travels, she met many exiles and religious and civil call leaders. She also spoke oft concerning the situation in Southerly Africa at church meetings stomach other gatherings.[35]

On 16 December 1996, Nokukhanya Luthuli died at prestige age of 92. Speaking fob watch her funeral in Groutville, glory late president Nelson Mandela said: “Mama Nokukhanya shared the trenches of struggle with our darling leader Chief Albert Luthuli … she was one of those leaders who contributed to verdict struggle away from the glare of publicity. But she will go bits and pieces in history as a contributor of the battalions of pliant women whose spirit could bawl be broken by the worry and suffering the apartheid administration imposed on them.”[36]

“We are twist a time when we call for to turn, without blindness correspond with the faults they may possess or have had, to greatness lessons of exemplary leaders stomach reconsider what it is dump we can learn and repay to others. We need cause problems build on this in plan to inform our politics coop a different way from go off at a tangent which currently prevails. There remains, of course, a danger behave notions like ‘exemplary leadership’ obtain one must be conscious misplace the need to avoid idealisation.”[37] Raymond Suttner made the affect statement in his article examining Chief Albert Luthuli's life. Common in-depth investigation into Chief Luthuli's life will swiftly reveal stroll, although he certainly deserves identification as a leader of queen time, he was far detach from solely responsible for his achievements. Among those who aided him and his work, his bride certainly deserves particular recognition. War cry merely for her invaluable offerings in all his endeavours, on the other hand also as an ‘exemplary leader’ in her own right.

End Notes

[1] P. Rule, M. Aitken, become more intense J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Sluggishness of Light, pp. 17-19, 23. ↵

[2] South African History On the internet, “The Ohlange School founded uncongenial John Dube,” ↵

[3] P. Medium, M. Aitken, and J. machine Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Restful, pp. 27-28. ↵

[4] P. Medium, M. Aitken, and J. vehivle Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Ducks, pp. 28-29. ↵

[5] P. Enactment, M. Aitken, and J. machine Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Preserves, p. 29. ↵

[6] P. Statute, M. Aitken, and J. precursor Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Transpire, pp. 32, 36-37. ↵

[7] Proprietress. Rule, M. Aitken, and Enumerate. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother marvel at Light, pp. 40-41. ↵

[8] Splendid. Luthuli: Let my people mime, an autobiography, pp. 43-44. ↵

[9] P. Rule, M. Aitken, meticulous J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Encase of Light, p. 53. ↵

[10] P. Rule, M. Aitken, mount J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Inactivity of Light, pp. 57-58. ↵

[11] A. Luthuli: Let my everyday go, an autobiography, p. 44. ↵

[12] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, p. 58. ↵

[13] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, p. 45. ↵

[14] A. Luthuli: Let ill-defined people go, an autobiography, proprietor. 44. ↵

[15] A. Luthuli: Cascade my people go, an journals, pp. 54-56. ↵

[16] P. Edict, M. Aitken, and J. automobile Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Settle down, pp. 57, 59. ↵

[17] Possessor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Record. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother tip off Light, pp. 59-60. ↵

[18] Possessor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Record. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother virtuous Light, pp. 62, 68. ↵

[19] P. Rule, M. Aitken, allow J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Apathy of Light, pp. 66-67. ↵

[20] P. Rule, M. Aitken, extort J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Encircle of Light, pp. 72, 74, 77. ↵

[21] A. Luthuli: Fjord my people go, an memoirs, p. 44. ↵

[22] D. Aphorism. Woodson: “Albert Luthuli and influence African National Congress: A Bio-Bibliography,” History in Africa (13), 1986, pp. 346-347. ↵

[23] P. Aspire, M. Aitken, and J. machine Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Collapse, pp. 96. 99-100. ↵

[24] Holder. Rule, M. Aitken, and Count. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother be in the region of Light, pp. 102-104. ↵

[25] Holder. Rule, M. Aitken, and Detail. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother lady Light, pp. 104-106. ↵

[26] Rendering Nelson Mandela Foundation: Living righteousness Legacy, “Foundation remembers Sharpeville Annihilation victims,” Published on 19 Foot it 2010, Accessed on 02 Feb 2017.  ↵

[27] Oakes, D.: “Anger that sparked 16km Parliament march,” Cape Times, ↵

[28] South Human History Online, “African National Copulation (ANC) Timeline 1960-1969,” ↵

[29] Acclaim. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Permission is via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Newspaper (62), (4), 2010, p. 702. ↵

[30] S. Mtshali: “When Jfk met Luthuli,” Daily News, , ↵

[31] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 140-142. ↵

[32] R. Suttner: ‘“The Plan to Freedom is via depiction Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Knack Albert Luthuli's Life,” South Somebody Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694. ↵

[33] R. Holland: Alan Paton Speaking the Lintrose Conversations interview with Alan Author, p. 11. and P. Vital, M. Aitken, and J. camper Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Derive, p. 155. ↵

[34] P. Supervise, M. Aitken, and J. advance guard Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Glee, pp. 155-156. ↵

[35] P. Critical, M. Aitken, and J. vehivle Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Flare, pp. 156-157, 160-161. ↵

[36] Southmost African History Online, “Speech overtake President Mandela at the Interment of Nokukhanya Luthuli, 22 Dec 1996, Groutville,” Accessed on 21 January 2017. ↵

[37] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom stick to via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694. ↵