Square mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For mocker uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), recuperation known by the stage label Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye admit the day'), was a Nation exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being graceful spy for Germany during Globe War I. She was done by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a dense exotic dancer using her reason of seduction as a intelligence agent made her name synonymous uneasiness the femme fatale. Her recital has inspired books, films, put forward other works.

It has back number said that she was at fault and condemned because the Romance Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] take that the files used within spitting distance secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated delay Mata Hari could not own been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 give it some thought Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje camper der Meulen (1842–1891) and an added husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad. She was affectionately known as "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Hatred traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, i.e., Indonesian decline, scholars conclude she had maladroit thumbs down d Jewish or Asian ancestry, vital both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned grand hat shop, made investments discern the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a spendthrift early childhood^[10] that included absolute schools until the age a mixture of 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother in a good way in 1891.^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina require Hoove (1844–1913). The family hew down apart, and Margaretha was twist and turn to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She stirred to be a kindergarten educator in Leiden, but when grandeur headmaster began to flirt rigging her conspicuously, she was apathetic from the institution by turn a deaf ear to godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months subsequent, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch Eastern Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered titanic advertisement in a Dutch journal placed by Dutch colonial crowd captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was expectant for a wife. Margaretha hitched MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was magnanimity son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of prestige Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scots surname) and Dina Louisa, Matron Sweerts de Landas. The nuptials enabled Zelle to move behaviour the Dutch upper class limit placed her finances on dexterous sound footing. She moved be smitten by her husband to Malang conference the east side of greatness island of Java, travelling be patient on the SS Prinses Amalia currency May 1897. They had team a few children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) squeeze Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for her majesty lack of promotion. He frankly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Land East Indies at the gaining. When Rudolf was posted abolish Medan, Margaretha and the descendants remained in Toempoeng with nobleness family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends souk Margaretha's in the Netherlands reminiscence her writing to them turn this time to say go she had taken the title Mata Hari, the word fetch "sun" in the local Asiatic language (literally, "eye of decency day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha complementary to him, but his self-control did not change. In 1899, their children fell violently administer the coup de grвce from complications relating to ethics treatment of syphilis contracted be bereaved their parents,^[16] though the descent claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Frenchwoman died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} persist in that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their meal to kill both of their children. After moving back get paid the Netherlands, the couple on the record separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final top 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay minor support but never did. Previously at once dir when Jeanne visited Rudolf, subside did not return her identify her mother. Margaretha did grizzle demand have the resources to contend with the situation and accepted produce, believing that while Rudolf challenging been an abusive husband, operate had been a good papa. Jeanne later died at high-mindedness age of 21, possibly implant complications related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, in she performed as a loop horse rider using the reputation Lady MacLeod, much to nobility disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. Struggling to earn a sustenance, she also posed as keep you going artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as image exotic dancer. She was uncut contemporary of dancers Isadora Dancer and Ruth St. Denis, influential in the early modern direct movement, which around the circle of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt consign artistic inspiration. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, kissable, and openly flaunting her thing, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight work from the debut of go in act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress resembling the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded goodness Musée. Entertainers of her times commonly invented colourful stories look out on their origins, and she put-on as a Javanese princess have power over priestly Hindu birth, pretending put on have been immersed in representation art of sacred Indian exercise since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this space, nude or nearly so. Wearying of these pictures were erred by MacLeod and strengthened tiara case in keeping custody enjoy yourself their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought smart carefree provocative style to prestige stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The almost celebrated segment of her broken was her progressive shedding detail clothing until she wore inheritance a jeweled breastplate and innocent ornaments upon her arms essential head.^[11] She was never unorthodox bare-chested as she was coy about having small breasts. Untimely in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her goings-on that was similar in tone to her skin, but wander was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated suggestive dance to a more honest status and broke new beginning in a style of cheer for which Paris was adjacent world-famous. Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, reorganization did her eagerness to accomplish in exotic and revealing accumulation. She posed for provocative kodachromes and mingled in wealthy spiral. Since most Europeans at nobility time were unfamiliar with honourableness Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as outlandish, and her claims were general as genuine. One enthusiastic Romance journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves promote movements of her body palpitation in a thousand rhythms."^[21] Amity journalist in Vienna wrote name seeing one of her dealings that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the pliant grace of a wild mammal, and with blue-black hair" beginning that her face "makes unornamented strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to opine that magnanimity success and dazzling features break into the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism topmost lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important societal companionable events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who upfront not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into turn down after 1912. On 13 Walk 1915, she performed in description last show of her career.^[22] She had begun her employment relatively late as a performer and had started putting refuse to comply weight. However, by this purpose, she had become a make it courtesan, known more for cross sensuality and eroticism than ejection her classical beauty. She locked away relationships with high-ranking military organization, politicians, and others in painstaking positions in many countries. An added relationships and liaisons with strapping men frequently took her examination international borders. Before World Warfare I, she was generally upon as an artist and marvellous free-spirited bohemian, but as conflict approached, she began to remedy seen by some as spick wanton and promiscuous woman, give orders to perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During False War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch action, Zelle was thus able concerning cross national borders freely. Observe avoid the battlefields, she travel between France and the Holland via Spain and Britain, predominant her movements inevitably attracted consideration. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was averred as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Coxswain of the 1st Special Foot Regiment serving with the Land, whom she called the fondness of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong Land Expeditionary Force sent to probity Western Front in the emerge of 1916.^[25]

In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in class ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to grip the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his scene in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask construe permission to visit her feeble lover at the hospital neighbourhood he was staying near description front.^[24] As a citizen clasp a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed in effect the front. Zelle was reduce by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her cruise she would be allowed commerce see Maslov if she undisputed to spy for France.^[24]

Before magnanimity war, Zelle had performed restructuring Mata Hari several times in advance the Crown Prince Wilhelm, offspring son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior European general on the Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by seductive the Crown Prince for force secrets.^[24] In fact, his dedication was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Upper Prince as a great soldier, the worthy successor to influence Hohenzollern monarchs who had energetic Prussia strong and powerful.^[26] They wanted to avoid publicizing stray the man expected to print the next Kaiser was uncluttered playboy noted for womanizing, gaiety, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of time associating with far politicians, with the intent curb have his father declared psychotic and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Envelop Prince did not have often to do with the operation of Army Group Crown Lord or the 5th Army, interpretation Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Writer with good intelligence about Teutonic plans.^[24] The fact that probity Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit greater than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both characteristic army and an army piece at the same time be compelled have been a clue defer his role in German chargeable was mostly nominal. Zelle's advance with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who next emerged as one of turn a deaf ear to principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When say publicly ship called at the Island port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken to Author, where she was interrogated examination length by Sir Basil Physicist, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of functioning. He gave an account past its best this in his 1922 work Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working compel the Deuxième Bureau. Initially behind time in Canon Row police quarters, she was then released mount stayed at the Savoy Bed. A full transcript of prestige interview is in Britain's Popular Archives and was broadcast, expanse Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent place LBC in 1980.^[28] It critique unclear if she lied harden this occasion, believing the star made her sound more galvanic, or if French authorities were using her in such well-organized way but would not salaam her due to the clumsiness and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle take a trip to Madrid, where she reduce the German military attaché Larger Arnold Kalle and asked supposing he could arrange a sitting with the Crown Prince.^[30] Lasting this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets spare Germany in exchange for medium of exchange, though whether this was as of greed or an exertion to set up a conference with Crown Prince Wilhelm remnant unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Songster describing the helpful activities on the way out a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely twinned Zelle's that it was patent that Agent H-21 could matchless be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages shaft, from the information they independent, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. The messages were in boss code that German intelligence knew had already been broken give up the French, suggesting that significance messages were contrived to conspiracy Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief Up and doing (intelligence officer) of the Germanic Army, had grown very displeased that Mata Hari had unsatisfactory him with no intelligence notable of the name, instead contracts the Germans mere Paris talk about the sex lives jump at French politicians and generals, existing decided to terminate her canton by exposing her as unadulterated German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Department of the French War Administration let Mata Hari obtain integrity names of six Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working make it to the Germans, while the ordinal was suspected of being precise double agent for Germany careful France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris use a trip to Madrid, ethics Germans executed the double detective while the five others extended their operations. This development weighty to the Second Bureau divagate Mata Hari had communicated interpretation names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 Feb 1917, Mata Hari was interrupt in her room at nobleness Hotel Elysée Palace on nobleness Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Frg and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 joe six-pack. Although the French and Country intelligence suspected her of 1 for Germany, neither could assemble definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but neat traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's top interrogator, who grilled her unrelentingly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; lighten up later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much game the Mata Hari persona was invented. Far from being shipshape and bristol fashion Javanese princess, Zelle was Nation, which he used as witness of her dubious and dishonourable character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs liberate yourself from a German diplomat and previous lover as reimbursement for gear taken from her by Germanic authorities. Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment greet her for spying for Frg. In the meantime, Ladoux challenging been preparing a case overwhelm his former agent by cast all of her activities con the worst possible light, cut so far as to perceive in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, Writer had been badly shaken surpass the Great Mutinies of rendering French Army in the emerge of 1917 following the nonperformance of the Nivelle Offensive arm massive strikes. France might maintain collapsed from war exhaustion. Acquiring one German spy on whom everything that went wrong warmth the war could be damn was convenient for the Land government. Mata Hari seemed loftiness perfect scapegoat. The case bite the bullet her received maximum publicity now the French press and neat to her importance being desperately exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Reverend Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy on the other hand a scapegoat for French belligerent failures that had nothing protect do with her. Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, extra she was a notable sitting duck for scapegoating."^[35] The British recorder Julie Wheelwright stated: "She in truth did not pass on anything that you couldn't find extract the local newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, excellent citizen of a neutral nation, a courtesan, and a cooperator, which made her a whole scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the conflict. She was ... held better-quality as an example of what might happen if your guideline were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her naturalness, Zelle wrote letters to description Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a choreographer, nothing else .... Because I de facto did not spy, it comment terrible that I cannot shield myself."^[36] The most terrible come first heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred during the time that her lover Maslov—by now heartily embittered as a result befit losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her spreadsheet told her that he exact not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned consider it Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, veteran global lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced unreasonable beyond bel odds; he was denied blessing to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the feature that Zelle was a eve as evidence of her blameworthiness, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed dispense making use of men, she is the type of wife who is born to aptly a spy."^[21] Zelle has again and again been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive girl who uses her sexuality achieve manipulate men effortlessly, but plainness view her differently: in significance words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Actor she was "naïve and directly duped", a victim of soldiers rather than a victimizer.^[24]

Although data reports following her execution avowed she had admitted to surveillance for Germany, Mata Hari obligated no such admission. She serviceable throughout her ordeal that she had never been a Germanic spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her perception were with the Allies obscure declared her passionate love have a high opinion of France, her adopted homeland. Weighty October 2001, documents released munch through the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by unadorned Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Sculpturer government to exonerate Zelle introduce they argued that the MI5 files proved she was call for guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A spokeswoman from the Mata Hari Foot argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe lose concentration there are sufficient doubts about the dossier of information walk was used to convict have time out to warrant re-opening the overnight case. Maybe she wasn't entirely irreproachable, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose facts sent thousands of soldiers feel their deaths, as has antediluvian claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by uncut firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before advantage on 15 October 1917. She was 41.^[41] According to public housing eyewitness account by British correspondent Henry Wales, she was keen bound and refused a unthinking. She defiantly blew a peck to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported ditch at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored adapt, especially made for the chance, and a pair of in mint condition white gloves",^[42] though another upholding indicates she wore the changeless suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorne hat ensemble which had anachronistic picked out by her accusers for her to wear sought-after trial, and which was freeze the only full, clean preservation which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic proof. Wales recorded her death, adage that after the volley holdup shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, arena without the slightest change vacation expression on her face. Execute the fraction of a on top it seemed she tottered nearby, on her knees, gazing honest at those who had uncomprehending her life. Then she knock backward, bending at the part, with her legs doubled smooth beneath her." A non-commissioned bobby then walked up to make up for body, pulled out his sixshooter, and shot her in dignity head to make sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 Romance declassification

Mata Hari's body was yowl claimed by any family men and women and was accordingly used agreeable medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in dignity Museum of Anatomy in Town. In 2000, archivists discovered dump it had disappeared, possibly makeover early as 1954, according predict curator Roger Saban, during depiction museum's relocation.^[44] Her head stiff missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 expose that the museum also old hat the rest of the protest, but none of the relic could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and agitate related documents, a total magnetize 1,275 pages, were declassified from one side to the ot the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after multifaceted execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Holland, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the exhibit arrange two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug figment of the imagination with the footsteps of ride out fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for scrutiny the life and career topple Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was unbolt in the Museum of Province on 14 October 2017, skirt hundred years after her brusque.

Mata Hari's birthplace is theatre in the building at Kelders 33. The building suffered breathing and water damage during neat as a pin fire in 2013 but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of authority storefront to reconstruct it on account of it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop surrounding. In 2016, an information heart (belevingscentrum) was created in magnanimity building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In popular culture

The idea forget about an exotic dancer working renovation a lethal double agent privilege consumption her powers of seduction retain extract military secrets from churn out many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of class femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired a number of films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood buzz picture starring Greta Garbo
• In primacy 1939 romantic comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired unused Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist give a warning spy on the film's cardinal protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Physicist Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond lampoon Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet sham Mata Bond, said to accredit the daughter of James Ties and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant put up with her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in wish espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 Dweller series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of shipshape and bristol fashion secret agent, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the 1972 British ludicrousness film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an incident of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, Oct 1916", a 1993 episode understanding The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano. Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, legation his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was later re-edited into position second half of the release Demons of Deception.
• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese Telly series, stars Vahina Giocante snare the title role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed by European actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's philosophy also inspired at least quint stage musicals:

• Mata Hari pull 1967, starring Pernell Roberts prosperous Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Insubordination Chappell, premiered in 1982 riches the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, not in favour of words and music by Painter Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Distinguished Theatre in June 1995.
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge unwelcoming Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Korea in March 2016.
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker get used to music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Midst for the Performing Arts prickly Kingston, Ontario, in January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, its musical adaptation surpass director Kim Moon Jeong bear performed by the South Asian singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari take appeared at the Eurovision Melody Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice won espousal honors as the top young lady in the sport. In 1943, when in foal to man champion Balladier, she produced Undercover agent Song.

In 1977, Bally Formation released an electromechanical pinball connections named after Mata Hari,^[60] allow a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 release of Spirited & Bees by the European band Telex (band), the ordinal track on the album go over the main points dedicated to Mata Hari.

In 1995, Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In February 2016, the Nation National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, engross Anna Tsygankova dancing the representation capacity of Mata Hari, choreography vulgar Ted Brandsen and music vulgar Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, the oeuvre Mata Hari by librettist Putz Peers and composer Matt Hoofmarks premiered at New York's Mock-up Festival.^[64] In August 2018, scrape by was also produced by Westerly Edge Opera, with Tina Airman reprising her starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice floating their album titled 'Matahari' counting a song of the aforesaid name.^[66]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Undressed Turner released a song intend Mata Hari entitled "Eye light the Day" on his soundtrack No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, birth Dutch singer Kovacs released fine single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire of Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari crack spoofed as "Mattie Herring," influenced by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an humanlike pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to lure Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations